The 30th Report of The Avian Records Committee of Connecticut
By Frank Mantlik, Phil Rusch, Frank Gallo, and Julian R. Hough
The Avian Records Committee of Connecticut (hereafter ARCC or “the committee”) met in person on 16 Feb 2025 to complete a review of rare bird reports for the years 2024 and early 2025. This year, the committee voted on 69 records involving 31 species and 4 subspecies with an acceptance rate of 85%.
STATE LIST AND REVIEW LIST
In this report, the committee addresses some taxonomic changes accepted by Pyle et al. (2024) and Rasmussen et al. (2024) that affect species currently on the ARCC Review List and subsequently the official State Checklist. These recent changes lumped Common Redpoll and Hoary Redpoll into one species, and, as such, Hoary Redpoll is now removed from the ARCC Review and State list. The name Redpoll will be used for the three species formerly known as Common and Hoary Redpoll (North America) and Lesser Redpoll (Eurasia). The splitting of the Herring Gull complex has resulted in the elevation of the Siberian race vegae to full species status. Vega Gull is now added to the official State List based on the sole state record from 1995. Also in this report, taxonomic changes to Snowy Plover (Küpper et al., 2009) resulted in the Old-World forms, known as Kentish Plover, being treated as a separate species from the New World Snowy Plover. Due to a reassessment of the identity of the sole record of Snowy Plover in West Haven (2004) as Kentish Plover (Hough, 2005), Snowy Plover is now removed from the State List, and Kentish Plover is added. A full account of this reassessment is in the April 2025 Connecticut Warbler, Volume 45, No. 2. Also accepted is a first state record of Yellow-green Vireo from 1988. At that time, Yellow-green Vireo was treated as a subspecies of Red-eyed Vireo, and with no documented records in the northeastern USA, it was a relatively unknown species that did not register on many birders’ radar.
In summation, two species – Hoary Redpoll and Snowy Plover – were removed and three species –Kentish Plover, Vega Gull, and Yellow-green Vireo – were added to the state list, which brings the total to 452. Other highlights documented in this report include the second state records of Spotted Towhee and Brown Booby; second, third, and fourth records of Wood Stork; and the third record of Black-chinned Hummingbird.
One new subspecies was accepted based on a reassessment of new information. A Sandwich Tern, present in West Haven in August 2018, was accepted as the European form sandvicensis (#2018-25: Hanisek and Kaplan, 2019). Despite these two forms being split in Europe, a hoped-for split on this side of the Atlantic is unlikely to happen based on murmurings that these two forms will be lumped in the near future.
Another change that will have an impact on the reporting of rarities in the state is the split of the Atlantic (borealis) and Mediterranean (diomedea) forms of Cory’s Shearwater. The former retains the name Cory’s Shearwater while the latter assumes the name Scopoli’s Shearwater. Although the committee has decided to remove Cory’s Shearwater from the review list due to its increased presence in Long Island Sound over the previous ten years, we urge observers to research the field identification differences between these almost-identical species. Field identification of these forms is difficult at best and is only determined via good photos of the underwing pattern. While there are several photographed records of Cory’s Shearwater in the state, there are currently no accepted records for the newly recognized Scopoli’s Shearwater. This species occurs in summer off New England and has been documented as close to the state line as ½ mile. The committee suspects this species has already occurred in the state, so it is only a matter of time before it is sufficiently documented and added to the state checklist. Lastly, another change to the ARCC Review List is that Pink-footed Goose has been removed (27 records since the initial sighting in 1998).
Other recent taxonomic changes that affect the State Checklist involve Species and Latin name changes: Audubon’s Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri) becomes Sargasso Shearwater (Pyle et al., 2024), referencing the sole state record of a bird at Congamond Lakes in Suffield (#1995-35; Mantlik et al., 1997). The genus Accipiter is split three ways: Sharp-shinned Hawk retains the Latin name Accipiter striatus; Cooper’s Hawk becomes Astur cooperii, and American Goshawk becomes Astur atricapillus (Pyle et al., 2024).
REPORT SUBMITTALS:
The committee depends on observers to submit their reports of species on the Review List (marked with an asterisk on the COA checklist), plus any species new to the state. The most recent Review List may be viewed on the COA-ARCC website at: https://www.ctbirding.org/arcc/arcc-review-list/
For those wishing to submit a report, updated information on how to develop a report is located in the ARCC section of the Connecticut Ornithological Association website. The link is: https://www.ctbirding.org/arcc/reporting-rare-sightings/
Submit written reports along with documentary material to the ARCC co-secretaries, Frank Gallo and Phil Rusch.
COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP
The committee members who voted on records in this Report were Nick Bonomo, Frank Gallo, Tina Green, Greg Hanisek, Julian Hough, Jay Kaplan, Aidan Kiley, Alex Lin-Moore, Frank Mantlik, Phil Rusch, Dave Tripp, and Glenn Williams. For more info on each ARCC member, visit: https://www.ctbirding.org/arcc/committee-members/
FORMAT:
The format of the report is as follows:
The species are listed in order according to the American Ornithological Society (AOS) Checklist.
- Common Name Latin Name [Total number of previously accepted records, Number accepted this year]
- Year: with multiple records of the species listed chronologically.
- Number of Individuals greater than one
- Age, if known
- Location, town,
- Date(s) of occurrence. In the case of Accepted Records, (the finder or collector is listed first, with those submitting reports next. * Denotes a report submitted)
- Record number is the year followed by the record number. 2023-00
ACCEPTED RECORDS
Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis [4,1]
2024: Adult, Three, Junction of Ocean Ave and Lake Street, West Haven, New Haven, 10 Jul-7 Aug.
(F. Mantlik*. 2024-29).
These three birds were present for almost a month to the delight of the many observers. This represents the fifth accepted CT record, all since 2018.
Ross’s Goose Anser rossii [15,3]
2024: Adult, Shenipsit Lake, Tolland Tolland, 19 Nov-3 Dec. (D. Mathieu*. 2024-53); adult, Great Pond State Forest, Simsbury, Hartford, 12 Oct-9 Nov. (B. and D. Lombardo*. 2024-46).
2018: Adult, Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Litchfield, 21 Feb. (J. Kandefer, B. Devine*. 2018-37).
Since the first record in 2006, this species has become nearly annual in the state.
Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus [23,4]
2024: Adult, Fisher Meadows, Avon, Hartford, 14 Nov. (J. Graham*. 2024-51); adult, Lower Bolton Lake, Bolton, Tolland, 29 Nov-17 December. (J. Fengler*. 2024-55); adult, Lyman Orchards, Middlefield, and Greenbacker Farm Pond, Durham, both Middlesex, 17-26 Dec. (J. Oshlick*. 2024-57); adult, Meadowood Park, Simsbury, and Reservoir #6, West Hartford, both Hartford, 28 Dec – 21 Jan. (B. Marsh*. 2024-62).
Individual Pink-footed Geese can often be differentiated by bill pattern. Bonomo did a thorough analysis of the best photos of these four records and concluded that they involved at least two different individuals, possibly three or four.
Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis [9,1]
2003: Adult, Millstone Point, Waterford, New London, 26 Sep. (D. Provencher*. 2003-05).
This old record now chronologically becomes the second state record following one on 4 Dec 2001.
Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator [2,2]
2024: Adult, Mansfield Hollow Reservoir, and Chapin’s Pond, Mansfield, Tolland, 25-26 Mar. (K. Knecht*, P. Rusch*, R. McAnallen. 2024-16); adult, Connecticut River at Vibert Road, and Vinton’s Millpond (Podunk Pond), South Windsor, Hartford, 10 April. (B. Marsh*, W. Generous*. 2024-18).
It is unclear if the two reports involved separate individuals. Thanks to member Williams for investigating information about the breeding pair at Southwick Zoo, Worcester County, MA.
Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis [24,0]
2025: Adult, Stonington Point, Stonington, New London, 2-27 Feb. (B. Fasciano*. 2025-02).
2025: Sandy Point, West Haven/East Shore Park, New Haven, New Haven, 8-11 Feb (W. Rankin*, J. Musser* 2025-03).
The Stonington and New Haven harbor birds are no doubt returning individuals from 2017-2024 and 2024 respectively.
Black Rail Laterallus jamaicensis [8,1]
2024: Riverfield Open Space, Fairfield, Fairfield, 29 May. (J. Jerrild*. 2024-24).
This individual was identified by the observer while listening to a recording of Nocturnal Flight Calls (NFCs) he recorded 3:25 am from the windowsill of his home. It was apparently a migrating bird.
Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis [26,1]
2024: Fourth Impoundment Salt Marsh, Barn Island Wildlife Management Area, Stonington, New London, 03 Nov. (S. Williams*, D. Errichetti*, J. Attwater*, D. Mathieu. 2024-48).
This individual was no doubt a migrant that was flushed from the edge of the salt marsh by four lucky observers, who were specifically searching suitable habitat for this species.
Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri [2,1]
2024: Juvenile female, Burr Street, Fairfield, Fairfield, 13-15 Nov. (D. Eccleston, S. Martin*. 2024-54).
This bird was present at a private residence and remained just long enough for experienced birders to confirm the identification through photographs of the wide, blunt outer primaries.
Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus [12,1]
2024: Adult female, Rocky Hill Meadows, Rocky Hill, Hartford, 26 May. (P. Paul*. 2024-22); adult female, Hammonassett Beach State Park, Madison. New Haven, 28 May-7 Jun (C. Loscalzo*. 2024-23).
Analysis of photographs by the committee (Bonomo) has proven that these two records involve the same individual. Black-necked Stilt is becoming an expected spring overshoot species.
Kentish Plover Anarhynchus alexandrinus [0,1]
2004: First alternate molting to definitive basic, Sandy Point, West Haven, New Haven, 1 Oct-7 Nov. (J. Hough*. 2006-02R)
This individual was originally accepted back in 2006 as the state’s first Snowy Plover. Although features noted at the time suggested it may have originated from a population of Kentish Plovers, it wasn’t until Snowy and Kentish Plovers were split that prompted a formal resubmission. After much deliberation, it was accepted unanimously by the committee. The only other accepted record in North America is from Shemya Island, Alaska, in May 2023.
Ruff Caladris pugnax [14,1]
2024: Female, Mac’s Harbor and Birdseye boat ramp, Stratford, Fairfield, 31 Mar- 5 Apr. (L. Olsen*, F. Mantlik*. 2024-17)
This rarity was seen and enjoyed by many during its stay.
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus[10,2]
2024: Juvenile, Windham Airport Trail, Windham, and Mansfield Lake, Mansfield, Tolland, 29-31 Aug. (D. Mathieu*.2024-39); juvenile, Rocky Hill Meadows, Rocky Hill, Hartford, 2-3 Sep 2024. (L. And R. Bengtson*, R. Smiley*. 2024-40).
The Mansfield Lake bird allowed several county listers to “twitch” the species for both counties in several minutes. The finder obtained excellent photos by paddling out to within a few feet of the bird. This continues the parade of records since ARCC returned it to the review list. Since 2022 there have been six records.
Franklin’s Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan [16, 4]
2024: First alternate, Short Beach and Stratford Point, Stratford, Fairfield, 5-6 Jun and Milford Point, Milford, New Haven 22 Jul (F. Mantlik*, J. Joffray. 2024-26); second individual, first alternate, Short Beach, 6 June (J. Hough*. 2024-27); first alternate, Penfield Reef, Fairfield, Fairfield, 23 Jun-1 Jul (Sam Buttrick, A. Kiley*. 2024-70); first alternate, Stratford Greenway, Stratford, Fairfield, 30 Jul. (A. Kiley*. 2024-33).
Analysis of the photos, by committee members, of the various individuals resulted in a total of two to four different birds. These sightings of what is quite a rare species in the state occurred at a time when there was a small influx of this age class into the Northeast. They were among an incredibly large number (up to 600) of Laughing Gulls that appeared along the coast at that time of year, attracted to the area by an abundance of Sand Lance (Ammodytes, sp.) baitfish.
Common Gull Larus canus/kamschatschensis [7,0 / 3,0]
2024-2025: Adult, race kamtschatschensis, Holly Pond, Cove Island Marina, Stamford, Fairfield, 27 Dec-25 Feb (P. Dugan, Z. Shaoul. 2024-60).
2023: Adult, race uncertain, Walmart lot, Windham, Windham, 19-23 Mar. (P. Rusch*, D. Mathieu*. 2023-16).
The Stamford Kamchatka Gull is the annually returning bird from 2017. The Windham individual was quite perplexing, being very small, with a small bill and pale eye, characters more typical of the west coast Short-billed Gull rather than the larger, darker-eyed European canus. The consensus is that it was an odd nominate canus.
Vega Gull Larus vegae [0,1]
1995: Adult, New Haven Recycling Center, New Haven, New Haven, c.15 Nov. (J. Hough*. 2016-05 )
The bird was found roosting in what is now the Lowe’s parking lot and stood out among the throng of resting gulls. Although photographed, the subspecific race of this individual was left undetermined at the time. As further interest in Asian gulls increased, it became clear that this bird showed characteristics consistent with the Siberian race vegae. At the time, although the New Haven bird was the first record for eastern North America, several individuals have since been recorded in the mid-Atlantic states, with additional records in the Northeast in MA, NY, and recently in NJ (March 2024). These individuals continue to highlight a pattern of vagrancy in the Northeast, and it is a species that should be on any larophiles’ radar when combing through gull flocks in the state. Note: This record had been previously accepted as the vegae subspecies of Herring Gull (22nd ARCC Report), but is hereby entered as a full species.
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica [13,1]
2024: Silver Sands State Park, Milford, New Haven, 21 May 2024. (J. Oshlick*. 2024-21).
This individual was seen and photographed flying west along the shoreline. This species has become almost annual in the state.
(European) Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis sandvicensis [0,1]
2018: Adult, Sandy Point, West Haven, New Haven, 18 Aug. (G. Hanisek*, F. Mantlik*. 2018-25).
This previously accepted record of Sandwich Tern was reopened to review the possibility of it being of the European subspecies, sandvicensis, at the request of member Julian Hough. This was based on a recent identification article by David Sibley (Sibley, 2023). The committee deliberated on this at length at its Mar 2024 meeting without reaching a majority consensus but at the Dec 2024 meeting, member Alex Lin-Moore presented more information that allowed the committee to accept.
Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris borealis [15, 3]
2024: Two, ferry lanes, Long Island Sound, Waterford, New London, 9 Aug. (S. Mayo*, A. Sesselberg. 2024-64); one, Harkness State Park, Waterford, New London, 9 Aug. (D. Mathieu*. 2024-71); one, ferry lanes, Long Island Sound, Waterford, New London, 18 Aug. (M. Aronson*. 2024-65).
Cory’s / Scopoli’s Shearwater Calonectris borealis / Calonectris diomedea [0,5]
2024: One, ferry lanes, Long Island Sound, Waterford, New London, 24 Jul. (S. Mayo*. 2024-63); two, ferry lanes, Long Island Sound, Waterford, New London, 24 Jul. (R. Smiley*. 2024-66); one, ferry lanes, Long Island Sound, Waterford, New London, 24 Jul, (R. Smiley*. 2024-67); two, Lordship Seawall, Stratford, Fairfield, 9 Aug. (F. Mantlik*. 2024-72); one, ferry lanes, Long Island Sound, Waterford, New London, 14 Aug. (R. Smiley*. 2024-68).
As discussed in the introduction, these records did not include the requisite details to separate these two similar, recently split species.
Great Shearwater Ardenna gravis [17,2]
2024: One, ferry lanes, Long Island Sound, Waterford, New London, 24 Jul. (S. Mayo*. 2024-30); one, Harkness State Park, Waterford, New London, 4 Aug. (D. Davies*. 2024-31).
Only a few were reported in the Connecticut waters of Long Island Sound during the summer of 2024.
Wood Stork Mycteria americana [1,3]
2024: Hatch year, Boyce Road and Upper Kohanza Lake, Danbury, Fairfield, 20-21 Aug. (fide L Richter, J. Sarles*. 2024-35); Hatch year, Black Point, Crescent Beach Area, Niantic, East Lyme, New London, 21-22 Aug. (P. Rusch*, D Choisy*. 2024-36); two, Haddam Neck Fairgrounds, Haddam, Middlesex, mid-late Aug. (D. McHutchison*. 2024-41).
There were over 15 individuals reported in the northeastern United States in August 2024. The excitement dam broke in CT when Ms. Richter reported that her neighbor photographed an immature in a Danbury yard late day 20 Aug. The next morning, Mr. Sarles photographed it in flight over Upper Kohanza Lake; it was not seen again. Then late on 21 Aug, another (or the same?) immature was photographed in a Niantic yard, with a few brief sightings the next day. Then two were photographed in Haddam Neck sometime the week of 18-24 Aug. Photo analysis of the Danbury and Niantic birds proved indeterminate if they were the same individual or not. These were the second, third, and fourth accepted state records for this species. (A few earlier records of this species have yet to be reviewed by the committee.)
Brown Booby Sula leucogaster [1,1]
2024: Adult, Long Island Sound, Old Black Point Road, Niantic, East Lyme, New London, 10 Aug. (S. Williams*, P. Rusch*, D. Errichetti*, D. Mathieu. 2024-34).
This long-awaited second state record was seen by seven individuals from private property in Niantic, the morning after the passage of Tropical Storm Debbie. The booby was seen distantly just west of Black Point and was followed with scopes moving east as far as Millstone Point in Waterford, where the observers lost sight of it. Luckily, David Mathieu obtained identifiable photos.
White Ibis Eudocimus albus [15,2]
2024: One to four juveniles, Hammonassett Beach State Park, Madison, New Haven, 18-25 Aug. (R. Rimkoski*. 2024-37); juvenile, Barn Island Wildlife Management Area, Stonington, New London, 22 Aug. (D. Errichetti. 2024-38).
This species is increasing rapidly in the northeastern United States and has been reported nesting as far north as New Jersey. Get used to seeing these post-breeding dispersed individuals in Connecticut.
Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus [3,2]
2024: Ann Mar Lane, Simsbury, Hartford, 26 Apr. (L. And L. Carissimi*, 2024-19); Isleib Road, Marlborough, Middlesex, 2 Jul. (J. Selleck*, J. Smith. 2024-28).
These distinctive flyers were both photographed. The Simsbury bird was seen in its classic spring overshoot time window. This species, despite being almost annual in the state, is a classically hard-to-twitch species, rarely lingering in any one area.
Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsoni [16,1]
2024: Juvenile, Ecology Park, Branford, New Haven, 16 Nov. (N. Bonomo*. 2024-52).
This almost-annual fall migrant was a long-time nemesis species for the finder. Five others got to see it, as it flew around the area for 1.5 hours.
American Barn Owl Tyto alba [1,1]
2024: Norwich, New London, 20 Jun (Anon*. 2024-32).
This individual was hit by a car and was being rehabbed, and is likely unable to be returned to the wild.
This is the second adjudicated record since American Barn Owl was added to the Review List in 2023.
Ash-throated Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens [7,1]
2024: Savin Lake Park, Lebanon, New London, 11-12 Nov 2024 (J. Swatt*, C. Veale*. 2024-50).
This park is gaining quite a reputation for rarities. In addition to the Ash-throated Flycatcher, both Le Conte’s Sparrow and Harris’s Sparrow have been found here in recent years.
Gray Kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis [3,1]
2024: Milford Point, Milford, New Haven, 10 Nov (J. Hamlin*. 2024-49).
This fourth CT record was frustratingly a one-day-wonder seen and photographed at the tip of Milford Point just before it flew across the Housatonic River towards Stratford. Despite several local birders searching, it was never relocated.
Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis [0,1]
1988: Hatch-year, Flanders Nature Center Banding Station, Woodbury, Litchfield, 2 Oct (M. Szantyr, 1988-37).
The finder captured the bird at the end of the day, along with a Red-eyed Vireo, while conducting a banding demonstration. Good notes containing measurements of the wing chord and bill length (outside the measurements of REVI) allowed the committee to accept the record. After 37 years, one that got away was finally caught, and falls within the classic window of subsequent records for this Middle American vagrant to the northeast. This is the first accepted CT record.
Bicknell’s Thrush, Catharus bicknelli [3,1]
2024: Adult male, Larson Sanctuary, Burr Street, Fairfield, Fairfield, 18 May, (J. Purcell*, F. Mantlik*, C. Limber*, 2024-20).
This annual migrant that is rarely detected was seen, heard, photographed, and audio-recorded by several birders. James Purcell did a fabulous job at finding and correctly identifying this occasionally vocal bird, quickly getting word out, and then staying to assist many others in locating it.
Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus [3,1]
2024: Lighthouse Point Park, New Haven, New Haven, 27 Oct. (S. Mayo*. 2024-47).
Initially thought to be a strange sparrow species, photographs were circulated quickly, allowing the bird to be correctly identified as the state’s fourth record of Chestnut-collared Longspur. Despite many people searching within minutes of the identification, the bird could not be definitely relocated.
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus [1,1]
2024-2025: HY female, Bluff Point State Park, Groton, New London, 28 Dec-7 Feb (D. Mathieu*. 2024-61).
This second state record was found only a couple of miles west of the first record at Groton Long Point in Groton (31 Dec 2005). Interestingly, both were found by birders participating in the New London Christmas Bird Count.
Yellow-rumped Warbler (Audubon’s) Setophaga coronata auduboni [6,1]
2024: Adult female, Milford Point, Milford, New Haven, 27 Sep (C. Wisker*. 2024-42).
This bird was found by a photographer who was photographing birds at the Coastal Center water feature. This western subspecies seems to have a penchant for showing up in the Milford-Stratford area, with five of six records from these two towns.
Black-throated Gray Warbler Setophaga nigrescens [12,3]
2024-2025: HY female, Wastewater Treatment Facility, Smith Street, New London, New London, 27 Dec-12 Jan, (N. Bonomo*. 2024-59); HY male, 57 Yowago Avenue, Branford, New Haven, 12 Dec-18 Jan, (S. Marsi, J. Hough*. 2024-56).
2025: Sherwood Island State Park, Westport, Fairfield, 13 Jan, (T. Green*, 2025-01).
This is another vagrant species from the west that was found in larger-than-normal numbers in the northeastern United States during the fall/winter of 2024/2025.
RECORDS NOT ACCEPTED
Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis [5]
2021: One, Groton Long Point, Groton, New London, 2 Sep (2021-64).
The committee did not accept this sighting, based on a minimal description, as well as the great distance involved.
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus [13]
2024: One, Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Litchfield, 2 Oct (2024-44).
A majority of the committee felt that the description did not sufficiently rule out Red Phalarope.
White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus [1]
2024: Two, Monroe, Fairfield, 19 Jul (2024-58).
This was almost certainly a misidentification of the pair of Mississippi Kites that were present in the same vicinity.
LITERATURE CITED
Hanisek, G. and Kaplan, J. (2019), Twenty-fourth Report of the Avian Records Committee of Connecticut. The Connecticut Warbler 39 (2): 39-49.
Hough, J. (2005) Snowy Plover at Sandy Point. The Connecticut Warbler 25 (2): 67-74.
Mantlik, F., Szantyr, M., and Provencher, D. (1997), Seventh Report of the ARCC. The Connecticut Warbler 17: 97-122.
Kaplan, J. and Hanisek, G. (2017), Twenty-second Report of the Avian Records Committee of Connecticut. The Connecticut Warbler 37 (2): 48-61.
Küpper, C., Augustin, J., Kosztolányi, A., Burke, T., Figuerola, J., and Székely, T. (2009) Kentish versus Snowy Plover: Phenotypic and Genetic Analyses of Charadrius alexandrinus Reveal Divergence of Eurasian and American Subspecies. The Auk 126 (4): 839-852.
Pyle, P. et al. (2024), 35th Report of the ABA Checklist Committee 2024. North American Birds 75 (2): 36-45.
Rasmussen, P., Iliff, M., and Billerman, S. (2024) https://ebird.org/news/2024-taxonomy-update
Sibley, D.A. (2023) “European” Sandwich Tern in North America: Notes on Occurrence and Identification. North American Birds 74 (1): 16-25.
Frank Mantlik, Chairman, 195 High View Drive, Stratford, CT 06614
Phil Rusch, Co-Secretary, 16 Singleton Road, Chaplin, CT 06235
Frank Gallo, Co-Secretary, 35 Urban Street, New Canaan, CT 06840
Julian R. Hough, 80 Sea Street, New Haven, CT 06519